O licenciamento ambiental de empreendimentos eólicos offshore : histórico mundial e diretrizes para o Brasil

Abstract

Brazil stands out in the onshore wind generation and the energy exploitation of the offshore environment is the next frontier for the Brazilian wind sector. One of the essential aspects to be discussed is the environmental licensing of these projects, given that there is still no specific legislation on the subject. Thus, the objective of this work is to contribute to the structuring of the environmental licensing of offshore wind farms and to propose guidelines to guarantee its effectiveness. Thereunto, the experiences and lessons learned from the following consolidated sectors were analyzed: international offshore wind, national onshore wind and national oil and gas. The study showed that the incorporation of these experiences will lead to the development of the sector in a more fluid and targeted manner, reducing uncertainties and difficulties during the beginning of activities. In order to elaborate a preliminary version for the legal framework, an ordinance was proposed and changes were made to the Term of Reference published by Ibama. Thus, some of the actions that have been identified as beneficial for the country are: adoption of a Marine Space Plan; joint participation of Ibama, ICMBio and the Navy in licensing; greater social participation since the early stages of the process; delimitation of temporarily prohibited areas for offshore wind development aiming at the safety of navigation and sensitive areas; adoption of safety zones around the wind turbines; and the inclusion of decommissioning from the early stages of planning.