Hidropsia fetal: um relato de caso e revisão de literatura

Abstract

Fetal hydrops is a clinical condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation of fluid in at least two fetal compartments, such as ascites, pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, or skin edema. It can be classified as immune or non-immune, the latter accounting for more than 90% of current cases. This is an ultrasonographic finding of high severity, frequently associated with significant perinatal morbidity and mortality, requiring thorough evaluation and a multidisciplinary approach. The wide range of possible etiologies — including congenital infections, chromosomal abnormalities, cardiac malformations, and genetic syndromes — demands targeted investigation and specialized clinical knowledge. Early recognition of the condition may allow clinical, intrauterine, or obstetric interventions that can influence fetal prognosis. Objective: To report a clinical case of fetal hydrops managed at the Maternidade Escola of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (ME-UFRJ) and to review the main diagnostic, etiological, and therapeutic aspects of fetal hydrops described in the literature. Methods: This is a descriptive case report with a narrative literature review. Retrospective data were obtained from the patient’s medical records, and a literature search was conducted in PubMed, SciELO, and Lilacs databases. Justification: Fetal hydrops remains a diagnostic challenge in fetal medicine and requires comprehensive investigation and individualized management. The lack of standardized protocols contributes to unfavorable outcomes. Case reports and literature reviews enhance clinical practice and foster academic and scientific discussions on this complex condition.