Empréstimos e code-switching em Tikuna

Abstract

This research investigates the phenomena of linguistic borrowing and code-switching in the Tikuna language. From a linguistic perspective, the aim is to describe and analyze code- switching at two levels: morphosyntactic, which covers intrasentential code-switching, and syntactic, which involves intersentential code-switching. Linguistic borrowing is analyzed from the perspective of rule-based phonology and constraint-based phonology, specifically Optimality Theory. The theoretical framework addresses language contact (Weinreich, 1968), code-switching (Poplack, 1980, 1981), interference (Weinreich, 1968), borrowing processes in natural languages and their morphophonological aspects (Calabrese & Wetzels, 2009), Optimality Theory (McCarthy & Prince, 1993; Prince & Smolensky, 1993), and the analysis of borrowings under this theory (Yip, 1993). The methodology combines ethnographic (Malinowski, 1998; França, 2016) and autoethnographic approaches, positioning the researcher as a participant observer and a member of the studied community. Fieldwork was carried out in the Tikuna community of Feijoal, located in the interior of Amazonas, at the triple border between Brazil, Peru, and Colombia. In the description and analysis of code-switching data, it was observed that speakers in the professional categories of education/teachers and indigenous health agents, as well as those in the youth category, exhibit a higher occurrence of intrasentential switching. Among older and less educated individuals, who have less contact with Portuguese, only some cases of linguistic borrowing were found, with no occurrence of code-switching. As for intersentential code-switching, no significant data were identified; the data revealed only one speech segment produced by a collaborator from the teacher category. In the remaining individuals from the same category and other proposed categories, the phenomenon was not identified, as the data aligned more with intrasentential switching. In the analysis of borrowings from the perspective of rule-based phonology, the substitution of phonological segments from Portuguese during their adaptation to the Tikuna phonological system was identified. From the perspective of Optimality Theory, the constraints that prevent the realization of the original phonological structures of the borrowings were described. Among these, notable constraints include the prohibition of affricates (/ʃ/, /ʒ/, /s/, /z/), the lateral /l/, the glottal fricative /h/, the occurrence of glottal fricatives in medial and final coda position, as well as the restriction against complex syllables.

Nha puracü rü naca nadau i natchiga i nhema oregü i tchoügügawa neiü i nhema marü meama na uegugü rü nhumatchi nhema deagü nheguma ya deagügu rü ngürüatchi na uegugü’ rü tautama mea na uegugü i Tikunagawa. Rü nhema ngu’ i nagagüca arü dawenüwa, nha puracü rü nüna nhema na nanawümatü rü na nanugü i nhema taumatama mea nauegugü ya tarerãü i nacümacü: nhemani i morfossintatico rü nawa na nguü i nhema deagü i tchougüga i nha tagawa’ ngürüatchi i ueguü rü nügütanüwa’ rü nhu’matchi nawa i sintatico nhemani ngeta nhema deagü i tagüü na nügü narü iü rü tama nügügu na tchocu. Cü’ nhema deagü i marü nha tagagu mea tchocu rü ta nawügü i nha ngu i fonologiawa i ngeta’ nagu iya deaüwa’ i nhema mugü i nha tagaarütama rü nhu’matchi nhema togü i mugü i nüü i uü na natchuuü i nümaü i nacupügü i nhema tchõugüwa’ ne’iü, nhema naega i Teoria da Otimalidade. Nhema nagu i’tanauegugü i nha torü puracü i natchiga i contato linguístico rü nhaani (Weinreich, 1968), i nhemana na ngürüatchi na uegugü i deagü nacü (Poplack, 1980, 1981), nhema tchoügü arü deagü nha toyepeeruü nacü (Weinreich, 1968) nhema deagü i marü mea uegugüüwa nacü i nha tchõügügawa’ ne’iü nawa’ i nha morfofonológico (Calabrese & Wetzels, 2009) rü Teoria i Otimalidade arü (McCarthy & Prince, 1993; Prince & Smolensky, 1993) nhu’matchi nawa’ tcha nangugü i nhema deagü i nha tchõügügawa’ ni na’cü nagu tchiuü i (Yip, 1993). Nhema nacüma agutchiuü nhemani i etnográfico (Malinowski, 1998; França, 2016) nhumatchi to nacü autoetnografia rü nhemani ngeta nhema puracü tchau wüigu nama i nhema nama tchideatchigügü’ rü tcha nangugü wüigu nama i comunidadewa. Nhema torü puracü rü ta naügü i comunidade Feijoalwa rü estado do Amazonas arü aiepewa’ na nhemangeta’ natchianegü Brasil rü Peru nhu’matchi Colombia nügüma i’ rü iüwa’. Nhema ta wümatügü’üwa i nhema naca ta daugü i naega code switching rü nama tarü na nhema ngu’wa’ puracüeü yii nhemagü aurima naügü, rü maüwa puracüei rü nhema nge’tüügü yii nhema aurima naügü i nhema alternância de codigo intrassentencial. Cü yiema yaguãtawa nacü tama nama tarü iü rü nhema oregü marü aurima uegugü’üricatama nhema nama tarü i tüma arü deagüwa’.Nhema code switching intersentencialwa na’cü tama aicuma nama tarü iü rü wüitama i oretucumü i na wei i nhema rü wüitama ya nguruü arü oretucumüwa nama tarü i nhema alternância. Cü’ nhema deagü marü aurima meam uegugü’üwa i fonologia i nhema mugügu iũüwa’ nacü nü tadaugüü i substituição i segmento fonologicogü nhema portuguêswa ne’ uüwa nheguma marü Tikunagawa’ aicuma ya tchocugu. Cü’ norü tarewa’ i nhema na’cü nhema Teoria da Otimalidade nacü tana wü’matügü’ü nhema na nü’ na nhema i toyepee nawa’ i nhema oregü i tomagügawa’ ne ũü. Nhemani i nha toyepe’egü rü tama na nayau (/ʃ/, /ʒ/, /s/, /z/) daagü rü lateral /l/, africada glotal /h/ nhumatchi yima africada glotali codawa’ nhemane’ i ngaüwa rü norü guwa rü nhu’matchi na ya toyepee ya yima silabagü ya gutchagüne.