Nutrientes envolvidos na prevenção e controle das síndromes hipertensivas da gravidez: uma revisão da literatura

Abstract

Introduction: hypertensive disorders are a major cause of perinatal and maternal morbidity and mortality and the most common clinical problem encountered during pregnancy. Objective: To investigate in the available scientific literature the efficacy of calcium supplementation, alpha-linolenic acid and vitamins C and E the prevention and control of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy. Methods: This is a narrative review where the studies were selected in the BVS databases (Medline, Lilacs and Bireme), ScienceDirect and Scielo, first by a combination of keywords, by reading titles and abstracts and finally by full reading of the articles published between 2007 to 2013 Intervention studies (randomized controlled trials and cohort studies ) and systematic review of intervention studies containing original data of effects of calcium supplementation, omega 3 and vitamins C and E (individually or together) were included. Results: calcium decreased the risk for preeclampsia and gestational hypertension, but its effect was more marked in women with low calcium habitual intake and high risk. The alpha-linolenic fatty acid has no preventive effect for hypertensive disorders but acts as a protective factor for prevention of prematurity and low birth weight. Vitamins C and E have no significant statistical evidence in the prevention and control of preeclampsia and gestational hypertension. Conclusion: calcium should be encouraged to be consuming at least 1g/day for all pregnant women. The other nutrientes have no conclusive evidence in preventing hypertensive disorders. All pregnant women should be encouraged to reach the daily intake of nutrients in a balanced eating plan within specific dietary recommendations for each nutrient, with indicated supplementation only in cases of intake below the recommended.