"Dem-cidades" dos comuns: estruturação e fragmentação urbana em cidades médias latino- americana: comparativo de Chillán, Manizales e Juiz de Fora
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Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
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Esta investigación es un análisis comparativo histórico-geográfico de las formas de
urbanización en ciudades intermedias de América Latina. Chillán (Chile), Manizales
(Colombia) y Juiz de Fora (Brasil) se comparan en tres categorías teóricas: el modelo
estructural de urbanización, la fragmentación como modelo de (sub)urbanización y el
papel de los (bienes) comunes urbanos en un modelo alternativo de “dem-ciudades”.
Justifican la investigación el aumento de la población urbana y la amplia participación
de las ciudades intermedias en el total; las desigualdades persistentes; los cambios
políticos, económicos y de patrones de urbanización; la exposición a la globalización
y a las políticas neoliberales; y el actual modelo expansivo y excluyente por regla
comercial. El objetivo es analizar los momentos de urbanización, con énfasis en el
momento reciente; puntualmente, se busca caracterizar el modelo, estudiar la
urbanización de forma cualitativa y cuantitativa, identificar escenarios de
fragmentación urbana y reflexionar sobre instrumentos idóneos para un nuevo
modelo. Hubo tres momentos metodológicos: a) caracterización, resumen históricogeográfico y mapeado de la evolución urbana; b) comparación, experimentación y
análisis estadístico de indicadores (área, población, socioeconómicos); y c)
interpretación, análisis multivariados, clasificación y síntesis conceptual. El patrón de
crecimiento observado fue centrífugo en Chillán, lineal en Manizales y mixto en Juiz
de Fora, pero la tendencia es la configuración tentacular en los intersticios rurales con
enclaves fortificados. El consumo de suelo es mayor en Chillán y Juiz de Fora, donde
la disponibilidad es alta. Sin embargo, en las tres ciudades la densidad disminuye y
pequeños aumentos de población traen grandes incrementos de área urbanizada. El
Estado redefine su papel con patrones, regulares e irregulares, de dispersión,
verticalización, discontinuidad, aislamiento y compartimentación. En Chillán hay
vínculo entre fragmentación y alto estatus socioeconómico; Manizales, la más
compacta, presenta urbanización acelerada, rápida pérdida de densidad y mayor
consumo de suelo en franjas de alto estatus; y Juiz de Fora tiene un patrón hibrido de
verticalización de estatus alto y dispersión sinfín, debido al bajo valor del suelo
periurbano. La búsqueda teórico-metodológica sugiere a la planificación urbana un
modelo de “dem-ciudades”, denso y democrático, basado en criterios de densidad
espacial, heterogeneidad funcional y regulación normativa.
This research is a historical-geographic comparative analysis of the forms of urbanization in medium-sized towns in Latin America. It compares Chillán (Chile), Manizales (Colombia) and Juiz de Fora (Brazil) in three theoretical categories: the structural model of urbanization, fragmentation as a model of (sub)urbanization and the role of urban commons in an alternative “dem-cities” model. The research is justified by the increase in the urban population and the large participation of mediumsized towns in the total; persistent inequalities; political, economic and urbanization pattern changes; exposure to globalization and neoliberal policies and the current expansive and exclusionary model based on commercial rules. The objective is to analyze the urbanization stages, with emphasis on the current stage; specifically, to characterize the model, to study urbanization qualitatively and quantitatively, to Identify urban fragmentation scenarios and to reflect on suitable instruments for a new model. There were three methodological moments: a) characterization, historicalgeographical summary and mapping of urban evolution; b) comparison, experimentation and statistical analysis of indicators (area, population, socioeconomics); and c) interpretation, multivariate analysis, classification and conceptual synthesis. The observed growth pattern was centrifugal in Chillán, linear in Manizales and mixed in Juiz de Fora, but the general trend is the tentacular configuration in the rural interstices with fortified enclaves. Land consumption is higher in Chillán and Juiz de Fora, where availability is high. However, in all three cities density decreases and small population increases bring large increases in urbanized area. The State redefines its role with regular and irregular patterns of dispersion, verticalization, discontinuity, isolation and fortified enclaves. In Chillán there is a link between fragmentation and high socioeconomic status; in Manizales, the most compact, there are signs of accelerated urbanization, faster loss of density and greater land consumption in high-status areas; and Juiz de Fora has a hybrid pattern of highstatus verticalization and endless dispersion, due to the low value of peri-urban land. The theoretical-methodological search suggests to urban planning moving towards a “dem-cities” model, dense but democratic, based on criteria of spatial density, functional heterogeneity and normative regulation.
This research is a historical-geographic comparative analysis of the forms of urbanization in medium-sized towns in Latin America. It compares Chillán (Chile), Manizales (Colombia) and Juiz de Fora (Brazil) in three theoretical categories: the structural model of urbanization, fragmentation as a model of (sub)urbanization and the role of urban commons in an alternative “dem-cities” model. The research is justified by the increase in the urban population and the large participation of mediumsized towns in the total; persistent inequalities; political, economic and urbanization pattern changes; exposure to globalization and neoliberal policies and the current expansive and exclusionary model based on commercial rules. The objective is to analyze the urbanization stages, with emphasis on the current stage; specifically, to characterize the model, to study urbanization qualitatively and quantitatively, to Identify urban fragmentation scenarios and to reflect on suitable instruments for a new model. There were three methodological moments: a) characterization, historicalgeographical summary and mapping of urban evolution; b) comparison, experimentation and statistical analysis of indicators (area, population, socioeconomics); and c) interpretation, multivariate analysis, classification and conceptual synthesis. The observed growth pattern was centrifugal in Chillán, linear in Manizales and mixed in Juiz de Fora, but the general trend is the tentacular configuration in the rural interstices with fortified enclaves. Land consumption is higher in Chillán and Juiz de Fora, where availability is high. However, in all three cities density decreases and small population increases bring large increases in urbanized area. The State redefines its role with regular and irregular patterns of dispersion, verticalization, discontinuity, isolation and fortified enclaves. In Chillán there is a link between fragmentation and high socioeconomic status; in Manizales, the most compact, there are signs of accelerated urbanization, faster loss of density and greater land consumption in high-status areas; and Juiz de Fora has a hybrid pattern of highstatus verticalization and endless dispersion, due to the low value of peri-urban land. The theoretical-methodological search suggests to urban planning moving towards a “dem-cities” model, dense but democratic, based on criteria of spatial density, functional heterogeneity and normative regulation.
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AlZATE, Juan Guillermo Villegas."Dem-cidades" dos comuns: estruturação e fragmentação urbana em cidades médias latino- americana: comparativo de Chillán, Manizales e Juiz de Fora. Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Geociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia, 2025.
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